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Extensión
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4 fojas
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Resumen
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Dentro del partido gobernante, el llamado Movimiento de Renovación Democrática, encabezado por el ex ministro y líder del partido, Porfirio Muñoz Ledo, ha comenzado a pedir reformas internas para que el partido sea menos dependiente de la burocracia gubernamental y más libre para elegir sus propios candidatos para cargos electos..
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Tipo
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The New York Times
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Clasificación
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UAMC.MAGC.01
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Sububicacion
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Sobre
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Texto completo
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Miércoles 22 de Ocluore de 1986
l
Mexico 's Embattled Ruling Party:
The Cal!s for Change Grow Loud
By ALAN RIDING
• ~rlll 10 l1lt' Ntw
York Tlmt•
Wll hin thc govC'rning party, a suca Bed Movcment for Dc n, ocratic RenPwa l, headrd by a formrr Cabinrt
mfnlstcr and pnrty 1 ad r. Purln1o
Munoz Ledo, hn s brgun r a lf111g fur in·
terna] reforms lo makr the par ty less
dependen ! on th r Govrrnnwlll lmr au·
r rary and frrer to pl ck !l s own cundí·
dates for electcd officrs .
IThcse are nccc:.sary, th e group
argued In a re tc nt state mcnt, su th at
thc party can rrcover auth(l¡ ity a nd
credibili ly "lo sntis fy asp imtion of
freedom and juslire anwng Mexicans and to channcl ~ ac i a l in ron·
formity along in stitutiunal linrs. "
Mr. Mu noz Lt>do himsrlf lntrr callr d
for " im agination and ta len!" in carrying out changcs thR!, he said ,
should be " as prolou nd as the cri sis
MEXICO Ci"i Y - Hav mg broughl ing pany is known . "Sume conserva·
stcady growth and cnvwble stabillly lo lives are dreaming of a bipartisan sysMcXI CO fo r mor.: Ulcll iluii l:l ~eui u ry , lem, bu t the P Rlls not a bou llo surrenthis country's sp<:.:::;; : :;:.rm of onepar ty rule is no·;: b:-in¡; tc:,te<.i by a N eighbor in Distress
crisis marked by a slump in p::b!ic confid ence and new electora l challc:Jges to Mexico's Crisis and the U.S.
íts polilical monopoly.
·
Fourrh nf six srtirlcs.
The lmmediatc catalyst ls a11 acule
econom lr rect>s~lon Lh at ha:. stralned ' der lts powt>r. Yet, wllhout some
itsclf."
. ¡ Predi clC~bly, !hough, thr gruup's of.
thl lu.... ty ,¡ uo~ ' ""' ¡,.;¡.¡Xii'i.crs of cJ¡ ;m~,c·', t rouble in some form or other
ft>nsive ha s bcen viewcd by thr pnrt y's
thc re~! me and Rllcnatrd tht: trndition- ' lies ahead. "
current lcadrrs RS a brcnril of disci·
alfy apolí tica] mldd le cl a ~ ~ " c . "'-'!:use · A widely held view is that the Govpline. "ll 1 ~ il ('U'J'I:..tdi• tir¡• {'1 J'I'Of ¡<:p
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~
"11l11Cilt will ::,t,on Le furctd :o ~..liu;;>.c drfending nauonal suvcreJgnty at 1he
abruptly dashcd.
betweer , sliflmg d1ssent through more same time as qucslioning th(' legitiThere is al so Wldc·sprt><Jd resent ment open ly authoritarian r ule :::nd appeas- macv of thr Mcx ican statc," said Fer·
in business, int ellectual amJ oppositlon in g th r rest ive middle classrs by per- na ndo Gutir rrez Barrio ~. a v l ·ran
1cirrles at what is seen as thc Governmilling grea ter democracy. Thc om- politi ian who w s rrccnt ly elc (' ted
ment's use of lraud tu gu!!rantec the pl cx it ics a nd conlrad1ctions of th is Governor of VeracrU? State.]
viciO!)' of the ln sll tu tio¡¡;;; g.=-vülution- pofltical sys tem are such th at predic.nry Party 111 recl'lll t ic tio:-:s in sc·.-eral liOil1' remain ha1.a rdou s.
1states, lncludmg Chihuahua.
For exam ple, Mex ico is oft en said to The Opposition's Cry:
,
A Sense o! Indlgnatl¡:;¡¡
he a dirt a torship, bul ll ret ains all lhe E ffective Suffrage
for mal trappings of democracy. ll is
f But perhaps mosl of al~ pa rtlcularjy
describcd as a one-parly slat e, but in
No less unu sual, norma lly antagoni s·
more developed urbnn :::::d northe rn praclicc real power ls in the ha nds of tic opposition pa rt ies of le ft and r igh t
regions, there is a new sense of indigna- the bureaucracy. The system pro- ha ve joined forces In a campalgn for
'tion over.the corruptlon, centralization
"effect1've suffrage" to demand re
·
clalms ltself to be "revolutlonary," but
•
1and authorltarlanisl;ll that ha ve long ldeology plays a rolnlmal role in daily spect for election results. In the months
leading to the presldentlal electlons In
1characterized thls polltlcal system but
'have been exposed by the economlc polltlcs. lt boasts or worklng for social :July 1988, they plan to travel the coun11
· ,.
,.
·
justlce, but its main objective appears try to press thelr demands.
~sult ls ·th~t. although Presl~e~t .to be the perpetuation of lts power. And Once again the Govemment has refMiguel de la Madriü ls belng chal- while its de mise has often been predlct- sponded defensively. On the one hand,
•
ed, Hs resllience ls well proveo.
Mr. de la Madrid himself has sugEven now, lhough unpopu la r, the gested th at "foreign lnt ervention " - a )
lenged nelther by large-scnle protests
nor by armed insurgency, Mexico is Government is fully In con trol of the common euphemism for the Un ited
bc!ng stirrcd by a S\','C!!!:-:;:: ::!~mand for country. The labor movemen l has ac- e;:, , ,,,., - ;e cnrn, hnw N•c nn,ci l.]e iur
1political change that has the wúrd ¡ cepted declinlng li ving standards, the ¡ !t;~·grow th- ~¡ ··th~ - ~o~;e~~~¡,·;e Na; sit uaiion in ru ra l arcas is ca lmer than Jtional Action Party. On lhe other hand,
!" democracy" as its batl!e !:ry. .
I'Of course, no one agrees on whal it was In the 1970's, and Jeltist parties he has secmingly recognizcd the need 1
changcs ar
e¡;¡,,, , ., ·· ., .. ,J a proml- havc provcd loo weak and dlvidcd to
. .
.
j
nent mem ber ol thr rRJ, as lhc govern- explullthe economir cns1 s. Fo r th c mo- f?r chan¡:.c b\: Pr?m l su.l.~ a st ~ll · ~nd e
ment, the only real pressure ¡5 coming fmed elet:tor&l rewr m w penect uur 1
from con se rvative middl e·class busi - d':'n11 1ocrary.
"
1 .. ' 1 ., ___ ., ... ' ,.. - ...... l. ......
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nrss mcn, pro!essiona ls and intcl e tu · 1
t "'- ' "·' " ' " " 11 " '"' •· " "' " · " u u v• '"~
als.
¡/ governin g pany, Jorge de la Vega
Dominguez, who has also pledged to
The very existence of a public debate carry out "profound cha nges." ]
In lh e view of poli! ician s, busi nessabout the fu tu re is a nove lty in a country whrrc the Government ha s always mrn a nd in te llertuals of different polit·
claimcd to have all lhe answers and ical positiuns, wh a t distingu ishe the
where poiJti cal decisions hav<> t u1di- Cüri en: crisis ¡5 th at it gocs bcyond
tion¡¡Jiy bcc·n made sccrclly olld \\ ith
ii ttl e r.xplanati u1,
lru:::!ratlon éJt f.. lling !1\ i1.g standard~.
an~cr al el ec toral fraud s or cven OI SenSince the e lections on .July 6 in hi- rhant menl w¡lh thc ll-adersldp of 1
huahu a, whrn !he guvcrni. ;; p;ut_v' · PrrsiÚ{' ll l df' J¡¡ M t1d1 id
(' ialltl tu h;tvC' won HE\ r erccnt uf Lit e'
nat llcr, th r\' ~nv . 111" PI'' >lr•m J¡r c: '"
t'l!'' lt\'t• f' ' · ' t~ in ron tcnt wn bruugilt a n- thr.: unus u:ll puhlÍutl ftll lllllla til1l dr
g t y cl r- mOJI ~ lrll tion s in the norlil" rn ""' lC• n<>d aftc 1 thr I!' J(I.J; 1rvoiull''ll
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t.ny. l l.c p•1 t.• t ·1 ' ,, •• ·~ r, ' 1
¡aspects or na tionallifP and b1yught thr
st :1 hility n rrr~c:'l ·y fnr ' P':tr0 n e'"·
H'lOfl.
- 2 -
Iviexico's Ef!Ibattled Ruling Party:
Calls for c~ange Are Growing Intense
r:,.. .•
C"uj.J¡..v~c::; of Mexican National Action Party - the Spa.nish
;;•r.:rnym 1" P AN- blocking the Bridge of the America s over the
1~ ; . . . .G1 ~ncif' lead ing to El Paso. T hey are in opposition to the ruling
ln~L:Lt:LIO!Ia.l R evolutionary Party (PRI ).
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103'ay,
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a rgue, the coumry has
,.
-•
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myth a.nd 'M onev C alled the Tte
1 Bul wilh lhe enormous power at ils
' m<>th• •1 • lhAI ecwt> rnPd 11 rural Mex1co
•
disposlll thc Gov emmcn l ha~ pre'of 2~ mi Ilion inhabltants can no Jonger' That Binds the Syste111
1 t: Jllt:J ti ..::st: prüblem5 from assuming
sustnin a lnrgPiy ur ban na !ion wilh a
.
. lhc shapc of a maj ar challcngc. And the
pn l\ll:o~ t1nn oi 80 ;n;\hon lhat is caughl
Fur many stu• en< e! 1r"'""" !'nll - P:·:::::::1! ~ ::::; ::: ::~:~!eq !h:!! MeJocu's
up m thr ne w " revol ut ions" of consum- tic!:, the Govcrnmcnt's h1 o c.i all!an r e ,- --1
1erls m and communicalions.
with the privute sect01, labot , newspa- troubles are nol poli! leal but rnrl! er
" Tr1ere 's no deny:r.~ th at the system pers, intcllcr tua ls, opposilion _rarties, stem largcly from !he twin misfor- 1
worked fo r a lu11¡.; time," Enrique thc arm ed f rccs and even, d1stantl~·. tunes of the earthquakc th at shatter<>d
Kr uze, t1 v•o,ninen! political analyst, the Rom an C!ltholic Church wa~ hcld the Mexiro Cil y a rea on Sept. 19, 1985,
notcd, "l·~~ l~ h!ls now beco me a gt rait· together essenti ally by money 111 thc nnd the ncar-col lapse of oil revcnues
) C~c k rl. We :houghl lhat Mexico alone shnpl' of contr a~t s, ince!1! ives, ~ubs1 - this y ea r .
,
h : l o::~o n w ;>y o! mHkin nne-par ty dies, ravors. donauuns , nd n·t'n e •1'·
In 1 et • 1 months, more and more '
""" -..u;;.. U,;; ;.v·:. -. , 're scc ... ¡; v:!!e!'c ~upl!O!.. "\l.'rl rnu! 11n:1!'Y for rt 1 ~- Mex rrans insrd" nmJ ou tsid tire Guvit led u ·: we nC'v-r k nnw how the movie metirs," a wrlter not e<! , "th~> syslem ernment. have bcgun lo argue the oppo!C=''j_"
]Cl' k~ prr!ly up!v."
sil e- thni no solid economir rerovcry
1\luJt· omlnously, wilh thr> Govern · \'111 hr p(~ <, ildt un!P''' p1t·c·t>úvd ¡.y
mrnl i oll'l'Ú 111t0 austcr ir y, il< rC'I aiÍI."1~ 111 ·.r t e mn-lr:·nr?!' th r ·l} lll l'il l ,,..,.
1 ave lk teiJOr;rted WJi h se-vPral o! 11 ~ ¡rm 1 hr 1 l' . ultli•R furus un tl1t: ¡¡..,•.
. tire'· 11'1"' h ¡J, r prr\',1"· ~('('1(1 s r·' l tor.1 1 ~,., rt :-rpp;::1rs Cl h:t\'C rnupht
P'-' t ¡ 1....1, i\t!1~.n 1l•.J , • , t. t1 L
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1
, e~:,:. ·:;-. ~.. :5 system :
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poli ¡ca l r r pl<"-.PII IIIIÍ 1 1. t: •. •
classcs. lhe Rum nn C..atlloll c C1 1Ultl1,
whi r h was forbiddcn fro m takmg par t
in po!itirs ¡¡fter th e re C1lution, h.1s alt.o
bcgun spca king oul more forr ful ly (J!i
publlr n rr. irs.
l
- 3 Thr Gove rnmcnt, which has lo~g ex¡El ction Result in North 1' rrcisrd
politicul controlthrough rts bu-
IScts Off Wide Protests '
.
Thr ln stilulional Rrvol utionary
' 1'éH ty has brc n <krlilt rd th e w nncr of
•' rvcry elcction for presiden!, governor
and cnator sine€' 1929, but the National
Artion Par! y wus known to br strong in
thc northcrn stalc anJ, accordmg 10
onc of it s spokesmen, "for the flrst
u me peoplc throughout Mexlco carne
to expect a defeal for the P RL"
When thc rcsult s were announccd
amrd reporl of stu ffed ballol bpxcs
and dubious voting lists, the effect was
felt oulside Chihuahua. Three prom i·
nent Nationol Action Party leadcrs
t gnn a widcly publicized hunger
.- trr kr Parly mllllnnts organized
drmonstratt on~ and even bl ck d a
bordcr crossing inlo the United States
:11 Ctudad Ju rt re1 Partv members airo
•• -,-¡ · "0 th Plt'IÚ!'.-ll's slate of thc
nailon address to Congrcss on Sept. l.
Still more unu ual , 21 prominent in·
tcll cctual rrpresenting a wide spec·
t rum of poiJ rica l vrcws ~ igne d a protest
that no1ed thc governing party's "dan·
1
rcaunar y rothrr 1han thr party, has
hrl'll forrrd 10 rrcognlzc thal thc pnrty
tod ay is electorally weak.
\ /\ ; Mrxico dr\'C'loprd, tl tr p nrt) ' •
1h n•r sectors - labor, prasn nt And
whtlc collar- wcrr insu ffirl ent toar·
comnHHbtc allthe kcy interrsl groups,
ami n c;vstrm emrrgr-d to al! y thc Go\ernmerit with othcr. interest groups.
1 hu s, as power moved away from
thc pnrty and patronage came to be
dr sl ributcd by the Govcrnmcnt , the
party was gradually reduced lO a~
electo ral role. Ambitious young pohlt·
cians carne to recognize that jobs in the
Govrrnmenl were not only bettrr pald-hut wcrc also more securc ladders to
tlw top th an party pos ts.
Old-Style 'Políticos'
Yi cld to T echnocrat
Significantly, nonc of Mexl co's lél sl .
thrcc rulcrs - Lui s Echeverrfa Alvarcz José Lópcz Portillo and Miguel dC'
la ~1adnd - had run for public offic
bcfore lhey werc clerted PresidrnL
obsession with unanlmily" and And all three accelerated the transfer
f
for annulrnenl of the Chihuahua of powe r fro m old-style "poiHicos"
ms. Su bsequently, with Cornrnu- with grass-roots expericnce to young·
P- d conserva! ives sil ti ng si de by er, foreign-{"durated technocrats oft_
en
r Jr regi stered opposition parties more verscd in Keynesian eronomrcs
11··
polilical associations met in than revolutiona ry lore.
M r ,:,> City to plan the campaign In
A result was that thc party, enjoying
favor of "effeclive suffrage."
no autonomy from the Government,
An election in late October in the began to wither away. The Presiden!
norlhwestern state of Slnaloa, where routlnely plcked gubernatorial and
' the National Action Party candidate, congressional capdidates on the basls
• Manuel Clouthler, has been campalgn- or frlendshlp and loyalty, whUe state
lng for more than a year, will begin a governors used the same crlteria tose-busy calendar of local and state elec- lect local candldates.
tlons leading to the 1988 presldentlal
Even the presldency, the one Jnstltu·
. _elecllons. The elecllons will put the tlon that has traditionally been above
Government under the constant threat public criticism, appears to be losing
of agitation lf evidence of fraud sorne of it s aura of infallibilit y, partly
emerges.
because Mr. de la Madrid, a 51-year- "No one ls talking about an opposi· old, Harvard-educated iawyer, is seen
lion vlctory In the presidential elec- as having failed to provide strong lead·
tions," a Natlonal Action Party offici al ership.
conceded, "but it's still going to be
But such is the cyclical nature of
mor dirficult for lhe PR L The more _Mexiran polilir thilt \\hile tl e counpeople look to the polls as an instru- try's crisis is probably too severe to b_e
mcnt for change, the more crises we 're resolved simply by a change of pre J·
.Roi ng to ha ve."
dcnts , a batlle among leading Cabincl
mcmbers fo r the parly's presidential
nomination is alrcndy undcr way.
In a Resentful North,
Pressure for Change
lgn tficantly, as In the early years of
thrs ren1ury, the pressure for change is
romfn fro rn thc no rth of 1cxico,
whi r h ha~ Ion[! rc.ent .d bPing con·
troll ed from Mexrco Cily. But m th1s
huge capital of more lhan 18 million in·
h:-t rlant~ whtlr th<:' rulin~ par!~ wun
r ' 1 -1n C<'' ¡:rr•<:in'l:i ~ r :H<: in micilt:.'lll
!1 e tions 1 sr yc •. r. thr right oppu~itron
J '(ir~ t o¡r ¡l¡n
f0 r lhr fi! Sl lim r
l '
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• '
1
NEXT: As economir /wrdships per·
consumers and th e Governm nt
Lry to cope.
sr . t,
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Struggle Is Onto Follow de la Madrid
Sp«tal to Tiw Now York Tlm••
MEXICO CITY - In n rountry
whcre une pnrty hus won evet y presldcn tl r ' clcrtion sincr lts founda tion 57
yc:trs ngo, thc real stru¡;glt· fcor puwrr
takes pia r.<' not at the poli<; !Jut 111 thc
firrcr; c-ompc til ton In dC'Ir•rfllllJI" wh n
"!! .. ti ~·
(J ilJP tite p ... 1ty '~ ( t!J·J¡~~ · .
·¡ hu~ . if Mcxico's recen! hislury ls
any 14uide, whcn the InstitutiOnéil IÚvolutJOnary Party nnlllinatP tlc; candi·
dalr Hround SC'ptcmlw r 19P. il will
also bC' announcing the wi nncr of thc
Julv J!l¡:;f< Plccliun~ and the surccsso r 10
Presid nt Miguel de In Madn d in
Deccmbcr 1988.
The mystery of this ritual is not lrow
ValrnlrCotera
Carlos Salinas de
Alfredo del
thc p..¡tty nwl. t:s its choi ~ l.J • ;~us • b~·-M anu~IJ!.!! rtlett
--- Gorlarl 1radltion, lt na mes lhe pcrson indicated
Diaz
by the departing PresidPn t. Rathcr,
what insurcs 12 months of tension in
Mexico ls that no onc knows what cri- Minisler or Energy, Mines and Slate Minisler Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor.
teria Mr. de la Madrid will use to plck Enterprises. He is said lo enjoy the
The crucial test of the smooth funchis successor.
backing or the powerful labor leader, lioning of Mexico's polilical system ls
Nonelheless, although no poliUcian Fidel Velázquez.
that, when the party's candldate is flcan publlcly admlt presldential ambl•JCarlos Salinas de Gortari, 38, a Har- nally named, all loslng aspirants must
tlons, an lnformallist of contenders has vard-educated economlst wlth lhe close ranks around him in a display of
emerged and even a form of phantom image of a technocrat who, as Minister discipline and unlly. Those who do not
campaign has begun, with leading as- of Planning and Budget, has emerged can expect no political rewards from
plrants trylng to persuade Mr. de la as the principal architect of Mex.ico's the next admlnistratlon.
Madrid of their Joyalty and talen! while econom ic policies.
«j Manuel BarlleU Díaz, 50, a Brilish- But it is difficult to predicl, even
undcrmining thc images of their comarter nomination , how the chosen can- 1
petitors.
edHra iP 1 law_ ,. wilh PJ..I Pn h'P gov- didate will bchave as Presid em. Until
crnmcnl
expcricnee
and
the
reputation
lnfightlng Begins Enrly
of a political hard- liner. As Minisler of hls inauguration, he must adhere to the
Polilical sciC'ntisls say one symptom thc Interior, he controls nll polilicai opinlons and policie~ of thc man who
of the ,..nnrccived weakncss ol thc ur - and serurily matters in the country. chose hlm. Onlv· when In off ice can he
rent adnnni ·tration i th at inltgh ting
show his true farc.
1
among potcntial candidates ha s bcgun
Othcrs .•.;e r::~:c~dcrs
As a resull, while Lhe leading con earlier and more. visibly than during
Because of the un predictabil itv of the !tenders this time around all . carry
Rny govcrnmcnt m recent mC'mory.
e; trrp~-: inn r r~rP nth,.,· m Pm hr.>r~ nf •h" lahr ls su ch as conserva t1vc, J¡b<'ral,
Fo t the momen t, thrce Ca bincl 1Cabinet are also mentioncd as contend- Lcchnocral or populist, thcsc are in far t
ministers are consldercd strong con- crs, among them Hen llh .Minister Gui - poor guldes to the direction that ~l C'X·
tenders:
iicrmo Sobcró1 ; Urban Devclopment ico might take between 1988 and 1994.
'1Ai fredo del Mazo, 42 yea rs old, a Miru stcr Manuel Camacho Solfs; Certainly, in the past, Mexirans ha,·e
former Govcrnor or thc state of Mcxi- Mario Ramón Bcl cla, thr hcad al the often been surprised to discover whom
co, who entcred thc Cabinet In Aprll as Peme>: oíl monopoly, and Forcign thcy havc elccted.
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Materia
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Desencadena amplias protestas por el resultado electoral en el norte.
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La lucha está en marcha para seguir a De la Madrid
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Persona o institución mencionada
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Miguel de la Madrid.
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Fernando Gutierrez Barrios
