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Extensión
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4 fojas
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Resumen
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Actuando en silencio, el equipo de padre e hijo que dirige uno de los principales grupos industriales de México recientemente liquidó la mayor parte de sus bienes. Luego abordo un avion y voló hacia el norte en Aspen, Colorado, Calif.
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Tipo
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The New York Times
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Clasificación
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UAMC.MAGC.01
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Sububicacion
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Sobre
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Texto completo
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Mar tes 21 de Octubre de 1986
M~ico's /Vew ·Type of Emigrant:
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We/1-to-Do, Skilled, Disillusioned.
"T• r::: !s a perc('p!lon un thc horrkr
th et therP nre more people wlth higherlevc l skills coming in," said Duane
i\ ustin, an !.N.S. spokcsman in Wn sllingron. "\\'e sccm to l>c running into
more mh.lti lt--clnss peoplr und femily 1
unlts than we drd be!ore the blg influx
tliat u gan ~ ilh the start of thcir eco·
.
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B,1 LARRY HOIITER
notutt· c1 !~!!:: .
In f!scal 19 8~. thP Jast year fo r which
. MEXICO CITY- Actlng qu letly, the dov.ntu n th nr hns grippr r1 o:in: 1 (lf[ ... i .• l sta ustics are n\·ailablC', _24 1
fa ther-and-son team lhat runs one of sincc 1!.152. But uml rlying thc cJwúu. L ;.~.:;x¡c;.n . wcrc admitted to the Un!ted
)\1exico's leadi ng industrial groups re- wh a t lhC'y describe as a decpcr "fru ·. St tec 11nrlPr Sflecla l prefcrenc~ v1sa~
cently llquidaled most of lhe men 's as- tréltion" or "disenchantment" wiút tite fo r p1uíe:s;;!onals and 694 a.s sktlled 0.1
scts he re. Then they boarded thelr per- political and sur ial systC'nl, domin utcd un s~.i!h.: u v.·ul her !:>, includmg tcchm sonal planes and fl ew n01th lo new by the ruling lnstrtutional Re ·ulutivu- c¡ ans Jn Ui!? prevwus year, theNfrsgufres
wt:re 7 l!mi 2!i, accordlng to l. . . 1ghomes and headqua rters In Aspen,
u
res.
éolo., and ti- Jolla, CaliL
Du: t , ~-:: ~ ::tnH<:tirs. Mr. Austfn cau- When a Iifelong residen( of the Mexl- Neighbor in Distress ·
tionctl, do not inrlude Mcxlean profPscau capital finlshed one of hls regular
~f,.nn 1~ who m ay hnvc cntered tltc
Mexico's Crisis and th(' U.S .
v isit to th(' dcntlst ~ntly, he wa s
7/•irrl of ,¡~ nmr/, ,
,, ,, ,.; ;,..,tes und er otlicr
! vgn,rns,
1
su r )' rt ~ ~ tn be told not to bother com - - - - - - - - - - - -- - 1 sueh a!: those for Mexicans who h~ve
~ ing bac.k. The dentist was cJó¡;lng his
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¡ immedr ate re!C~tives In thc Unll ed
pr;:.rtl<
n movlnr. lo
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nl tf'd 1:1r PaJ I\ lh n h d~ prrval!•·d In •• C');.r::.'O r .. ,_. 1 .... ,; .. rh,-,. tnkr rntn 11 r rou n
~·h:>t tmnli ;~ii~ll Ollll'lé!I S beliCVC ar
~t¡.:.~ t!.. r.. ,.
· y itld i [::.Ju.l ), UH f • llillt. 11.!11 :. .
The number of professiunals who si gr.!!!(:!!n l • num bcr of mldl le· and
,. patien( was told
have elccted to leave Mexico is far · up¡JCr-<:iass Mexiran s who overstay
Dlsenchan,tment ls Noted
smaller lhan lhc more trad itional flow t ouri~t '.'!S!L !l! who illcga lly cross lhc
Amiu its most serious domeslic of farm workers and olher unski Jcd la-¡lJordcr on foot.
qisis in nearly half a century, Mexico borers bark a~d forth across the bor"There.is a con~!d erobl e pe reen~age
1as.begun exporli ng a new type of e mi- der. But Mcxrcan busines. men •and of oeoPl" hl're who by urrth are cuttt lcd
;rant v.ho could not be more different scholnrs and fureign diplomals agree ' 10 ( hor.~? "';;;.ih<'r to work lntllc United
backgroWld lhan the workers and lhatlhe consequences of the recent out- Sta tes ür Mexico beca use tl~ey h~ve
, a~ants \..•ho ha ve traditionaliy lefr in flow of profc&síunals are potentiallv fa•· duai citizenshlp," sald Dr. Gurllermrna
- Vt! l...:l ~:: , ,lirf-o..iv• ü~ the Ciud ad Ju:lrcz
arch of opportWllty. Thousands of es- more dangerous for Mexico.
· branch 0 ~ the College of the Northern
.•.blished, affluent professlonals, rangThe illegal lmmlgration of unskilled Borde:-. "Whereas befare, the majority
ing ! rom prominent businessmen and workers into the United States has did not opt to würk in the U.S., espeinJeltectuals to skiUed crattsmel1 and been wldely vlewed as a safely valve cially those who had high social or lnam~ltious young college graduales, are for a sputterlng economy that cannot tellectual levels, now we flnd that 80
~ rdtiéta~tly Jolning what MexJcans call crea te enough new jobs to accommo- percent are decldlng to work andUve In
.''lt l,pga, de... ~reb~·: - . '.'the fllght of date the one mllllon entrants to the the U.S. This ls a serlous loss for Mex.l~
' ~telns ,, ..;."' · '' · .·l i ·' ~· ' · '
Mexlcan labor force eaclt year. The co.·~ ·
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. , .. · : · 'prl~ary ~use 'ot thls ~lO~~ o ¡ loss or hlghly educated professlonals,
. tatelrt, accordlng to diplomats, lmml· on the olher hand, strlps Mexico of the A Man's Breakmg Pomt:
. g~JÍOn ' speclallsts and ~e emlgrants, skills and experience lt desperately
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th~ntselves, ls the severe economlc needs ¡f it ¡5 to resume the rapid eco- Company -S at1ona lZe
. nomic growth or years past.
. e::::~~:-::. ¡¡;;rses, translators and langua_ge le<~d•ers are among the occupa·
Jmpacl ' Very Serious
t:on gro;;¡:¡:; that havc swelled lhe ~xo·
"ln terms of the overall migration, dus , Dr. 'viiia iva said, joining .skrlled
thi s group almo t doesn't eount ," said . cr:1 '"r"n" Fnrh as carpe~t~rs and .
Jorge Bustamant , director o the Cu:- · piuml>er . Unitf:d Slatcs off teta! here,
legc of the Northern Border in TiJuana, 1
· · ·---referring to the professionals. "But thej sa" swnemasons, caumetmakers, shipimpaet of thC>ir dC>parture is very scri ya~ti wu1 in:t :., pipdint· íitt( rs and eom ous sincC' it d prives us of thc human putrr operator~. as wcll a~ "budding
capital we need for our development 1 entrepreneurs trustrated wtth ú1e sy_sand rcpresents the loss of a tre~en- 1 tem ," art' ~hio heavi!y represcntcd m
dous invest ment 011 rhe part of Mextcan 1 thc out fl ow.
government and sociely."
Neither the Mex ican nor Amcrir~n
The United States Immigration nd Govcrnf!1''~ 1 c have yet made rubhc
Nnturl'llit:atlon Sen·lec e!'tlrnates it will any ~>lans;;c;; o~ the out flow of talent or
mnl;e 1 8 million apprehensions - in - mt~:!lc ctas!i fl rr h 1 !3tH c:un w_ ~c~10l ars
cludmg many pcopie caught mu rE> than ~~.; Cvil . me; 1 :.rl, t rc!-t. · 1 Cl .~
once - along thc Mexican bordcr this : estimate that t;'f' to ~ f'Prcent or_MextV<'rtl up f¡ utn 1.2 mllliun Jast ycar. n . 1co's ur ::: ' mt dlr ,. se;, or nwl e tJ .¡¡n
itrC's' 011 thr oerup:-t tic'na l gtntu~ of ti" - JChi,üOú peC!plc, may lravr ll'lt tn thc Jasl
tatll l't'~ ;11 P not k ·pi , hut J. .S. (lffi i.:~l s ít. e Y~~t ~ ~.,,. tlwir bflrdrt !- l<lt i on~ are rq>0tlin~ .
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·A Ne"W Type of Mexican Emigrant:
W ell-to~ Do, Skilled and Disillusioned
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Eduardo Pérez-Verdfa, a Mexican
businessman who lives In Dalias, has a
visa granted lo forelgn workers of "exceptional a biliry," which allows him to
work as vice president of strategic
marketing at the Frlto-Lay div ision of
Pepsico, ea rning more than $100,000 a
year. Mr. Pérez-Verdfa said hi s brel;lk·
ing polnt carne after the appliance
compa.ny of which he was presiden!
was suddenly natlonaiized In 1982.
1 "When 1 went to work onc day, the re
, wc re sold1e rs with machine gun s thcrc
and they wouidn't Je t us in, " he said.
¡ "When 1 was finally able to return lO
work , 1 found th nt 1 was working in a
, totally different env1ronment, as a gov- .
ernmenl bureaucrat with no future. "
Other fa ctors In his declsion to lea ve
Mexico, he said , inrluded con stan ! cur. · rcncy dcva lua tions and a high incume
tax rate. He also says he was embitte red by an expcrlrn rr t S a poli
watcher in which ''1 e
~ d one se r
i of Cigures, which whc n ., Viere pu b¡ li"hed weeks la te r ' !' totally ;
: rigged," thus st rength r;,
r . conviction that "fraud ls just ra u· r·•: t" in the
politlcal system . ·
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"11 was very difficult lo !cave, lt was
something 1 had neve r ~erious l y considered, though 1 had man)C ppportunltles,' ' sald Mr. Pérez-Verdfa, who has a
master's degree In business admlnls1 tratlon from Columbia Universlty.
·· "But 1 had the reallzatlon there were
enormous abuses at a natlonal scale,
· a nd that nothlng had been done or was
· ·g oing to be done."
~~~;;;¡¡¡ 1On a Return Visit;"
· He Finds Disillusion
~~~Lv--L1- Jy w;:¡y·
fo
Iive and be able to studv• is to §.o
j }Ir::;
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a broa d. A luí of people iu,st_ end up saying, '1 can 't
go on livin:J, i!'! this system. t"
Rafael Rodríguez, marine blo!ogist
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Mr. Pérez-Verdia, 41 , said he hopes
eventually lo go back to .Mexico, In pa rt
be~u~e he would llke his U1ree children to retain thelr Mexican identity.
Bu! a recent visit to rela tives he re left
hlm
pess!mJs uc a bout an early re w rn.
1
·· "Discnchan tment wl!h the syste m
fand open abuses of government are
¡now ve ry widespread," he said.
' "Under the last threc presidents, the
slt tt a tion in the count ry has just gotl(; to
hell, nnd people s la rt losing hope afte r
a while."
- 3 1 Imn lgrat ion X[ll"rls and scholars
say many othrr profcssiona ls are lcav·
rlng in spit e of the stake they ha ve he re
~ and the com!ort In whl r h sorne or them
ca n ll \'c. A n Amc rirRn oHici HI hcr<'
' ~i d h 1" alll:~ thal patte r li S or M!' ·¡.
can emigra !ion to tht: Uniled Sta tes
J were changln¡.! "when l slartcd nwct- .
i lo- •
' lng a lot of ¡_.t('oplc n~klng me, 'Con 1 l',.r
• take a mald wlth me when 1 lto?' " t .,;,.,
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· "There ls dl'ftnitrly an mtrn.·Rt ~ · , ~";
among th C' profcsslnnal classcs in s~ck· ) ~
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lng op¡ rluntt iC' ~ oulslde of l\1 ex1co,
1
perhaps for lhe first li me slnce 191 0,"
sald Cr tg Dudley, presiden! ot Conrey
lntcramericana, an executive recrult·
}i- .•·-, ..
~ ment conccrn he re. "Sorne ha ve j~st f ~ .
" . ·.• ~ . _..~-"
gone up and done> ll on their own, whtle l -+..- ~ • ~ {{;_)t ~"' •
' sorne w.ho work for tra nsnatlonal com- ..• -'!~h: ~ - .:~< ·
, panies are seek lng very hard lo gel ;••.____ "/~ - ,
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Nevertheless onc United. Sta tes offt· Jt · ' ........ ·~
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cia l hr re SB Y~ lt ls prlmll rily ''the r-~:""--;;,:-~
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young an d hungry one~ Y.ho a re Jeuv-,
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lng " college-edurated mcn and womcn ,. • , . -·
p.
" in, lhr 20 to-35 agr bracket" w_ho a~e . "
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udUC't!' C' i re
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the Mexicnn e<lucation system but who • +;:,.
a re enterlng lhe labor ma rket ata time ·
when jobs are extremely dlffl cull to
fmd.
Accordmg to Mcxicen Government ··
stalistics, the numb!> r ' st udems en-
r
r •:,
¡oJicd 1n , lr\t'" u
l ~s g1 ev. by
more than 300 p;_ 1'
~ t ween 1970
and 19 5, to 1.2 mil! in·
r lUmbcr o! •··~·~people gr ad uaun¡; h -... - .legc ea eh
year increased by m t., · , n 400 per- f:~!i\iDtiif({
/ cent In the same period, .o 123,000 last
' year. ·
.
¡ !'J can 't prov~ it, but ll seems to m~
tMexico is Joslng eome ~f lts most ag-j1
tgresslve r01.1118 people," aald ,4Jan EUa-t. ., .. ..
~son, chie of tbe JJnlted States Bo(derj · ·. 1
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':~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~;:~;·:-r:,:It was verr,cJjffipf!.lt ~o leay~, it.~as som~thinp,_ l_ha~_~ever seriously con•
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trek uphere: they'reexportln&,~Jll! 0')'ered.
hop~~;Jfter ~
thelr best and thelr brlghtest · 1
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"We are deflnitely getting more edu-·
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Eduardo r érez-Verdl"a, busfnes
cated pcoplc In thc !low, occasiOJ)B~Iy
__ ' ·
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even government · employees,''_. -he *-In May he qu~t his job In dtsgust and
1
aóueó.
twent to the Untted States on a tourlst Mextcans' Buy·mg Power 1
-- -- -- - - -- - - - · visa . He now works as a bartendcr In
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The E ngineer's Story:
Chic<.; · :c:rudying Engllsh in his spare . H as Faded Rapidly
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time In anl icipation that he will eventu:
'F light F rom Nepotism.
ally be a hle> to legalize his status in thc
Bolh Mexican and íore1g11 a n& ly. 1s 1
Unlted Sta les and W\)rk In hls own pro- agree U1a1 l he key to stemming the tal- 1
""'' J osé, a ·25·yea; -Qid civil engíneerlng fession.
ent out fl ow ls a resumption of eco- /
Rradua te of the llniverslty or Chlhua - "l 'd like to go back home lf 1 could, nomlc growt11 . Bu! tha t tulltttwui mu:;d
hu a, fits that profile on all counts He bu t lhe situation is bad, very bad," he come soon, they say. a pros¡x>t:! thal l
ca me to Mexlco City afrr r the earU1- said. " There's a way to change things, does not seem realistic at lhc moment. 1
.quake a year ago wH h hopes_or findin.g but they don' t ~ant lo."
Accorqing to indcpendent ecc!"!omic j
a sa tisfyi ng jub and aiding in the re- To most Mextcans, talk of a talent analysts buying powe r here has de-¡
build ing of the capital, but quickly flight c~me~ as a shock. Beca use _of lhe clined in' ea eh of the Ja st five years, by !
found hi ld ea lism crushcd by what he country s htg_h_grow th ratcs nnd.ill>e ral a total o! more than -40 perccnt. As n rr ¡
describes as a pervasive pattern o! policy of pohtJcal asylum, Mex1co has sult per--capita lncomc, ~- I11 Nl " I 'NI in
r. c¡>o' ism and pNry sclf-ln tercst.
tra di tionally been on thc> recel vlng ~nd con~tant dollars. has now failr n w 1
" 11H' clll f ngi1.P1r ¡,, the sPrtion In of a t:d"nt flight from othcr Spamsh- $l,!S75, compared to $2,200 ira 1981.
wiucn ! w~s working wcnt_ out and speakmg cvuntrles.
1 Economic forecasts have pr- dki r ..
Jllrcd l lls wrfr , ~.?n and son-rn-la';';, as
"Prl?r to l ~S2, Mextrn was um~su ~ l thP- <onomy will shrink Hn adrir nun:d .~ 1
v. lll ¡,, II ¡(Jit' ú l~lanl . r rhttlve~, hr lnthatllltadvlnu ally no bra ln dnun .m tn 4 perrent thl:: vrn r. Jn ftddi ¡ • t .. 1
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co rnr l·:' '' "' "1 ~ d " ~n t sec . .1 ~
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_ ---:--- 1\lt.:>d l an Go erninclll has ~a1u th a t j
m t.llu t 111 ordt r 10 g • 1 somewhe1c lnl contras! to cou:lt tlrs hk c ll tgr ntma l infla li on this VC'ar will excre:i oc )'t'J
,·
Mt•>.rcl.• YOU ha \' tn h· thr son of la\lo - nnd Chil r " ~:ud
nm r] Ciarcr; \'
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Gil'· , \ .lh• ~:¡¡,j,c- 1 ~-. :.r\ "n 111 ·¡ ,,. ab:l't! 7:,(1 10 thr dnlhr. rr•n.¡o"tl ·,' n 2;
, ('r, 1\ ]Q~ •
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J ( ICIII :ti lll' CnJr 1_í.l dt ;.:e>.¡ t•,
l lo.o)(lf
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People star,t losmg
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i n~Lilll! t•
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pu¡_· , thc Mex1can r a1ter 11 h:.rs come to
look more ami more like the rest of
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Llltin AmPnca. "
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1 . "l'hc slidc of UJC peso nnd the rlse In ' 1
"A street swN'JX'r ora dishwa shl:'r In
10flal mn ov~:r tl u lnsl ye<tr auJ a half 1 lhe Unlted Slalcs eams more U1an a
1
hove real! y Hccckr oled thc crisis psy-1 brilliant profcssional hrrc, " he add. cd.
l cholog(: hcrf'," satd a Unil<'d Slalcs or-. "You cnn't buy a housc, you c¡¡n't buy fl
ftcla l. ll ha s hrought about a ·dctcrío- 1 car, your wtre has to go to work just lo
1
ratlon ln the status of lifc for the mid- 11 make ends mecl. A Jot of peoplc just
die class th a t has cau ed sorne to move , end up saying, '1 can't go on iivlng In
and many more to lhink of it."
'l this system ' and opt for living ovcr"Tilere ls definltely a movement out-' seas."
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ward," he added. "TI1cre ls a lo! or!: "1 can earn less here or more thcre,"
~".na lysls and soul-searching golng on 11 Mr. Rodríguez, who mal:es less than
n ht now."
11 $250 a month, said. "But the importan!
Prorc. <:ion nl groups reprrscnling l thlng ls t~ dt'vclop my ca rerr, to pu l
doctors 11nd nrd1 irccls rnan . or whom lnto prartrcc the knowl cdgc 1 have obwerr lramed and educa l. d in the l tain ·d."
Unitc Sln lrs, . ay the exodu has bettn 1
Mexicnn Governmenl offkials, ho~·- , ~Cl.JI) ~· .,r rfrr:tnl in thr ir a r ca~
cvc•1, say that tnlk of a talent dratn ts
x
~T ~ <:d · 'hile · rkw•v. lc·Jpt lf
Bul rese::rchers lp the hard scienccs
also apprar to have been hit hard as a · th at s•r.mfrrant numhe ~s . of Mrxlcan
result of culbarks in program !i nane- profe:;slonuls and terhnJ cJans are taking, fellow stups and imporled equip- lng ad va~tnge of job opportunlties !n
ment and matenals.
the Umi _' SlatE'S and EuropC', Franklm
"The siluatton or scienri sls ¡5 much Rendón, director or. te hn ulot;_J c;d
more acule Lhan Lha t of dot:tors or ar- , de~elopment al thc Nat10na l Counnl of
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chilects,:· satd Alfonso ilchi!:., profcs- Sc1rn~e and Tcc~nolog •, ~st!~ll lll ''"
11sor of M1crobiology at the Nalional Au - . that no more than 1 p{ 1 t:Bl ~~
tunomous Universily of Mcxico. "It ls · a~:oad pe~manently.
not that there is bad wlll 011 thc part of
In reallty, wc do no have a hra1n
: drain," Mr. Rendón sa1d in an intrr
!he Government, but rathe r that there vlew here in September. "What wc·
ls a scarclty of resources."
have is a permancnl flux , a rermanent
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For Rafael Rodríguez, a 24-year-()10 lnt~rchange, ,fartlcularly with the
marine blologisl who works al the .Umted States.
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Secretaria! of the Ecology, is an unpaid
'1here are lnvitallons from abroad,
·part-llme researcher al a unlverslty In- and the partlclpallon br Mexlcans
slltute here and has conducted ré- sometlmes prolongs ltsel for two or
search for the Cousteau Society the three years," he sald. "But the majorisltuallon has already gotten o~t of ty, 1 would ·say almost the totallty,
hand. He has been offered a graduate come back to the country."
!
~ fellowshlp ata unlverslty in Texas an~
"1 would nol speak of a braln draln!'
t expects lo lea ve Mcxlco in January. 1 Mr. Rendón concluded. "1 would ret "Thc only way to Jive a nd be able to
gard il as a loan of talent. "
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' study is to go abroad, " Mr. Rodrfguez
said dejectcdly. "As a graduate stuNEXT: The governino party 's holrl
dent in the Unilcd Slatcs, 1 will earn
b
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mor(' than the director of the lnslilute
on Mexican politlcal life .
in whi ch 1 work hrn>."
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Materia
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En una revisita, Encuentra la desilusión
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Persona o institución mencionada
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Rafael Rodríguez
