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Extensión
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3 fojas
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Resumen
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Las dificultades y malentendidos que giran en torno a los problemas de las drogas y la corrupción son pequeños ejemplos de los problemas diplomáticos más amplios que hacen que las relaciones entre Estados Unidos y México sean tan problemáticas..
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Tipo
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The New York Times
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Clasificación
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UAMC.MAGC.01
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Sububicacion
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Sobre
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Texto completo
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lvlexico and the Narcotics Traffic:
Pointing Fingers:
A Sensítiv(' U nJcrtu.ki11g
Thc dif!Jculllcs nnd m!:-;:;::d"rSlfiiHItngs Lh al swirl around the drug and
corruption issuc5 ar sma:! scülc illu s·
tralioris of lh e widPr diplom utic problcm s Lhal mnke relullons betw m lhe
By JOEL BRINKLEY
Uní ted St ates and Mexil..u v tnluhlcS¡>Kial lo Thr Nrw Ym k Time<
so me.
MEXICO CITY - The srcnr was aboul drug tr lfirking havr brrome
At hi-; mrr ting wi Prr·"iñr!1l d ~ la
familiar, bolh Lo John Gavin. then the lhe stickicst aspect of 1he most divisive Madr id last year, Mr. Gavm toit! him
Unitcd Sta tes Am bassador 10 Mexico, lssuc bctwPcn lhe Unitcd Sta tes and lh at the United tates haú i!! Íut !!!allon
and to the Mcxicnn officla ls he was Mcxiran C.ovcrnmPnt s.
lndicuting that th Dcfcn se Minisil'r' s
meeting. incluómg Presidenl Migurl de Offtcia ls in both rountries agree tha t son , Juan Alejan ro Ar~va!0, n federa l
la Madrid.
tite drug problcm and it s attendant cor- pros('cut or, was work ine In le ¡;w- with
·
drug traffickers.
_
Unlted States officíals had pul to- ruption are growing worse almost by
American olhcia ls say the Unued
grther infor matlon impllcatlng a Mex i- the da y. Many members of the Unil ed Sta tes al su has inlormauon impliceting
can Governmenl officinl in drug traf- SLates Co11 gress are bccomi ng so nngry Lh e Dcfln~c l\l ini,;, 1 ],;¡¡;;"l f, Gen.
o_ver whal lhey see as lack of coopera- Ju an Aréva lo Gardoqui, wh n d!recLs a
11011 frum l\lex.Jco thal Lhey have.begun
signi fican! par! of M ex ice'!; drug-{'rad i1
Neighbor in Distress
dcbating politica l and economic S3nc- . r;¡ llon program. But they say the lnforlions.
mation on the min ister is sltm, a (' Ru~e
Mexico 's l• .:.is and the U.S.
"l've m·ver !'rrn ~;o many sennlors "for possl ble suspiclon, but not much
Src11ncl uf six 81/ir lt ~wiLh fm: ¡11 their eycs ovcr Mex iro," ru ut <," an APl< • ir ... , i ;, l:· ;·:.: ; ;;;c uffi
ccr sa.id.
1
In Septcmber the Mexi< an Guvt'rn- '
fi long, and al a mf'cling last yeal Mr. said a Stnle Department offici al who
wes foll•nvi··,; l¡c di" .,,P in S<"ptf'mbfor.
G:- ···· ... nt! J L• 1
i' de la M. (lrid
Me am ·Jul!. lk t.1c>.1Lún Go •c-rn· men! issurd a forma dip!(lm;¡¡ ;, prGLe::~L u LI.Clli . 5 ,,¡ d t;... ¿~ L,,...,. ; ... ~ (. ; . .
nl>out the case, a he hnd done with
others lx'fore it.
- menl says the American point of vlew gation, and in an interv 1ew General
But thi. time Lhr case involved the is unfai1. Evcn if one· th ird of t.he her- ATévalo said, "Thr only th i ng i cün te JI
you ls that as Mlni ste r of Dt!itmse my
son of thc Ddc· 1sc- ,1llli~·!\'J, who di- oin, cocainr and mArijuana consumed
rects a slgluflcant part ol Mexico's in the United Sta tes· is produced in a el ions a re withoul doubl. "
Mexi cu or tran spo n ed Ulrough. the
As for the general's son . \"!"1~ was a
drug-cradicallol • am .
count ry, as Lhe United Sta tes asserls, it federa l prosecutor in Baj& California
Growing Strain in U.S. Relations
'S hu
rroof'
is on ly beca use Lhe American demand
Askcd how tlw h
~- n officials re- for drugs ls so strong that lmpovern, Mr. Gavin ished peasa nt s are drawn inlo Lhe bu siacted to hi In \,,
imitated them wiLh - - rug and a gri· ness, Mexican officlnls say.
mace o! mock cune( 1,
Nonetheless, with Mexico's anti-drug
. In that case a nd severa! others, Mr. campaign lnvolving thousands of police
Gavín said with frustratlon, · " they
Lwould say tome : 'Show me . ~he ' proof. : . Contloued on Page 4. ~lumn 1
.
. :.1 Show me the proof.' " ·· ; · 1' '"'; 1 ~-·..
1 "But .as they knew,"· he 'said,t ".to officers and tens or thousands of sol·¡
1
show the proof would be the death war· diers, Chlef Deputy Attorney General ,
'· nmt for my .aurces." ,. ·, ., .. ., :: · Luis Octavlo Porte Petlt Moreno sald: 1·
" No other country In the world does so
4
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Over the last two years, American' Ín- much for the youth or North America. r
telligence : officlals :ha ve · compiled This is an effort that must be valued." 1
many files. laying out evldence of drug
ALLorncy General Sergio García 1·
trefflcklng lnvolving such people as the Ramíre7 concurred. "lt hurts me to see '
heads of the Mcxican sccurlLy policc these crilicisms of the enormous work
and Mex.Jco's lnterpol offlce as well as Mexico ls doing," he sald in an inter- ·
at Jeast Lhree statc governors - th e view. "I know that p Jblic opinion In lhe
Presl en t's cot sin. Severa! of the offi· Unlled Sta tes asks about efficiency and
,cie!s have quietly lefl their jobs since corrup rion In Lhl country. l'm afraid
corruplion goes hand in hand wiU1 drug
t~e allegations surfaced and sorne ha ve
trafficklng , but the Government of
1d1sappearcd from pu blic -view.
Mexico does nol protect drug lraffick1 These public and private allega llons ers or bow before thcm either. "
The lrnffl ckc rs' taclirs, 1t is clear,'•
present lhose who would enforce the 11
(Amf"r& PN!Ss
law wlth a formidable task . Al the
GE'n.
Juan
Arévalo
Gordoqul,
DeUnii ed Statcs Embassy in September.
tense Mlnlster, who has d rr~lcd !na narcolirs control officer, flippíng
volvement in drug trafflr!:.i!!g.
through photographs of a helicopter
spraying lrr1 bicidrs on ma rijuana
pl unts 111 W('SIPrn Mexico Lhe werk be- !
•
fore, said, " 1 hope lhal pilol doesn'l gel &l th tim e 1\11. C:a ¡,, r .C' with lhP 1
11 visit " Frcquently pllol s in Lhe Am er- Presiden!, the intelligence tyi;;g him lo !
ir an-lmnnrrd crop-erndJcation p10 • drug trafficrcr.· "w1 !" not con lu. ,,..-, ¡'
¡11 nm ar vi<.iiPd tw drug trnlfi ckPrs hui thPre was an awfu! !m ut ntTum
aftrr a surcf'o::o::lul afirrnoon in the air.
slantial P\'Jdem ," 1\11 r.:n 111 1 <·t <tiku
Tlw trflf!J rl·r •·s th ·pn ten lhem b\' in an intcr\'iew. "To U~<' the old bro·
'' (¡¡ ¡,,• ''1 , , , l , · ,, , of ti , ¡ ,lu•·, ! 1Hir• if 1 e \I'Pik l1 .r·: d l'; 11•1"! !<>i¡ <;
chilllrnr h1 ;' ,1.-._·l·crrwr!~ i'l[!f tl li ;radur· hc '.ptulJ.•L•.\· u.~ 1.. :,1-J
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~tli,·l." ti· 'r. n ·.n olf Hi ·l n•-'
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¡ol!lr•l• :.:11· •
"La,t )l.t. C• oh ¡oilul tol me ti ry }¡;:d ol May.
alsu olfcrrd him fiv e mlllion pesos a
montli. " or abou1 $20,000 at Lh r ex·
cil angr r· tt: nf thc 1imc, "for C'O'J J1f'l a1tP:• - 1ni< i1" lti · r¡, Id~ 01 ~ 1 .,, \'inr
111f'll1 \".Jili l','tlr l" /11 II P<I 11111 (·, lhP
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Mexico and the Narcotics Traffic: A Growing
Strain in Relations With U.S.
,
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Jtevren .
: Mexlcan pollee walklng away from bumlng stack of marijuana near Tepalcat~pec In state of Mlchoacán In AugusL
"They havc made this attack, but 1
have a son who has been educated with
The Mexican Government's failure
-my rectilude. lle ls a young profes- to publlcly prosecu te severa! pollee
slonal and an honest man."
officers and other officials who the
Other Mexican officia ls exp1 t::.:.t:Li • üniteu S lctk:. In:~ ::. di u are con upt Olher American officia ls in the Cusespecially the police officers believed
tom SPrvlce, State Department, Drug more general frustration .
"Each time we are given know!Nlgf' involved in the torture or a Drug EnEnforcemelli Adm¡¡¡¡¡;¡¡-ation and the
Un iled Stl11P. 1-. miJ&ssy said Mr. or evidence in relation to any person ," forcem ent Administ rat ion agcnt, Vic1\r~·::::l c :::¡.¡Nared !o have b<>en passlng Mr. Gnrda Rumfrez . nid, "we ha ve fol- tor Cortrz, In August and in the torlure
informat;on on lh·ug investigauons and lowed the custom of asking, in a formnl ! r.nd m<J:-d:::- o! ::r:c:.h cr agent. Ennq ue
raids tu u !:!!íiü:ers who had recruited written petltion, for all the da1¡¡ and 1 Camarena Salazar, last year - has inevidenre. We can act only on eviuence, ¡ fu riated members of Congrcss and
hlm bflr::~l'~f' nf hi~ fa lher.
oth ers in the Unilcd Statrs.
"Wt- thila:.- iat ,;,a5 hired basicallv bf>- not ru mor."
"Their complete lack of cooperation
causc of the ük~ll.lil r... .::.wr háving
In the Camarena case is appal ling,"
him offered," an American official Mexicans' Response:
.
. .
.
,
said Represcnta tivc Larry Smith, lhe
said. Seve1al Americnn offirials also ,
Th1s
V
lClOUS
Ctrcle
1
Florida Democrat who is chairman of
·satd th e theorv that the Defense Ministhe Foreign Affairs Commlltee lnsk
ter's son was r ossi bly involvl."d with ·
But in alm osl cvc ry case, said Sam- Force on Intcrnational Na rco tles Condrug traf ft k I'S was emulematic of the
.,.. ider cnrn:~: :e:: ~~oulems the au thon - uel J. drl Vil lar, who was Pre idcnt de troJ. He sponsorcd a successful nmcndIJ PS f~r,.. ¡n !h•• Mrxican drug enforce- Ja 1ud r id's nd\' iser on j::O\'NI1 111Cilt mrnt that cuts ~~ million in na1 ·oticscorruption muttt'rs un ul & yt:ur ¡;u, control aid lO Mcx1co th1s ycar un less
mem eiion
1
tht guilly parlies in lhc Cam arcna and
Mr. Arévai o u•uid ¡-.-,J •e !'·~:<,..f-Jed for "we'd fa ll into th is vlcious circlr."
1comment But j, ¡ fn ,; ao.: r s:u hts reac-: For x<t na¡ ol , he sa id, ''thc statlon ¡Cortr7 ca&es ar "uroug!Jt to Lria l álld
1
ti ·n to AtlllJa ~~.H~ G ·:\·! :!~ ui~-.:ussi1111, chlr•f of tiH' 11 F.A wnuld comP tome cffrctivclr pro. rcu tPd"
nntr ¡11 Septr>tnl wr arnrndwith thc l'r stdcn: "·.;·as rx:1ctly thE' 1 an~ tcll me th t' lr contacts ~at d so-and-: ln tlw
to clru¡'• 1r¡¡ fftc"
'
1qme Uf: th r nnr i h~:J' ' ·.;·hrn tite allr- ·~o , ts
,·, 1.í'latPcl
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, nwnt. Wf-'" r1 "11 v d,.hntr·d tlwu¡•h
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\'ill ar !'o.tid .
l<uiUI tu pro. c: ut <· Col 11 pt ¡,ulll ll "In thi s rnvironmcnt it's very difli- menl officials. Att orncy Gcnernl
cult to di ffrrrntiatr betwecn rumor Edwin MPtsc· 3J c:,d!L' :.;,. Garda
and re<Jiity."
Rumfrcz to Wtll 1 lain' of thc gro\\lllí-'
- - Co:~gt C '-ÍO' • 1 n·· ,., 1 n
U .S. Official Cites
'The Protection Factor'
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- 3 be sufllcient, but 11 1~ !l p.rt>al eHurt
sald. "We think hP now livesln Spain." with many hazards and grcal ex·
Miguel Alclana, furmer head of Mcx i· pcnse.''
co's Jntcrpol office, a part of thc Altor·
A new Unitcd Stoles Stat c Dcp:nt·
In M x.i :.o Cil¡, me&nwhil~ ~~~~:l ncv Gcnrrul's off ice that ls staffed by ment report says Mexico r ·ma! ns thc
~ and rven some Amrrirnn oflicials sny thr fcdl'rn l judicial police, left olf1cc chief forelgn supplirr of hc rutn ancl
Con¡!ress ls bcin~ unfair.
"practirally ovcrnight ," In one offi· marijuana lo th r lln 1tro. ~::::_e:;. Bul ~~
"Thr lark o! unde rst¡¡nding of our • cia 's words, and disappeared from the Defense Mini <;t ry ln Mcx1co ~ll y m
Jpgal systcm 1s making thc confusion," sight la st year afler Unlted States offi· late September, Gener al Ar f vu10 and .
Attorncy General Garcfa Ramlrez cial s asserted that he had taken a bribe his kcy aide s gave .a two-hour lccture,
sald. "The proccdurc in Mexico is vcry from cornlnr denkrs, American off!· illu strat u v.l th pl .r •l "rt~•¡•) , , , ch ar ts
diffrrcnt th nn thc prur rdure In the ci als In Mrxiro sai d
and graphs, showing .tlwl _ ~'n 11 thr
Mr. Gavin said the Mexican Govern· State Department es11m::~t,.. r!: rm-rcr t
Unlted Stutes Wr have no less than 40
prople on trlal, but in our judicial sys· mcnt on occasion hád handled his alle· - and lhe Defense Ministry dlsagrees.
' te~ the lrials take place .~o~ t.ly in gatiuns about cor~upl governo_rs by - it is aclually the faull uf tl1t UitHeu
wntten form, wlthout lhe v¡stblhty of trlling him : "Elccllons are commg up Stalef>
U.S. trial s."
soon, a 1d th ey'll be out of office. That
"The genera l beli · s t!ie real caüsc
· The Unilcd Sta tes Embassy sent a way wc don't upset the system, and you of the drug proble1n is thc demand," a
long cablegram to Washington in Sep· ¡ don 't want to disturb the s)'stem, do majar said, pointing toa rhArt as Gen·
tember explaining thc differences be· you?"
eral Arévalo watched . "Thr supply o(
' twecn thc Mexlcan and American judl· 1 Severnl corrupl governors have left drugs ls merely nn effcct._"
, .
l cial systems, wlth thc notatlon , "The ~ offire, off icia ls said Still, a St atr Dr·
""1hr grnend 11'·1 · . r·• , •. !l•!! lll• J, a
C'mbas ~y b lleves it would be use ful to partment offlri al, summ ing up the problcm of thc dn·<:lupd 11ítliOI1!>."" thc
sha re this Inform al ion WJth Cong1 ess." prevalen! Uniled Sta tes Govcrnment majar addcd, using lhc eüph~m1sm
Mr. PortP Pclit , offering the Mexican 1 view, sai , "There has nol really been Mrxl rél ll!'- oflr>n mplov 1\"liCII t:J('\. do
Gnve rnnH'nt 's fir c;t pu llr predJCllon of · th r ty pe nf e rarl.down on eOllllption not want lU mc11l1un liH; IIIL1..J to ' L"
the result olthe tnals in the Camarena 1 that most people think ls needed to con· outright. ''lt is caused by_ ~h e .gr~at
case, said, "An importan! number of vince the drug traffickersthal U1e Gov· ·wealth, the disintc rauon u: :nc 1amrly
the people are in jail, and 1 have every ernmenl is serious."
1and the psycholog iral eflects of the
confldenrr thcy will receí\'P the most
wa r" in Vietn am.
severc sentenccs thcy ran gr t," adding Corruption Is Called
"The cause of thc supp;) ," lhe rea·
that thcir senten!'e< will be pronounced
son Mexico produces so murh drugs,
"befare thP r 11 r r is year, and in the A Threat to Security
General Arévalo a~q·1t c.d "i~ ti H' de·
mr•n nt1m r th
rem ain in jall."
mand and also ignoranu: oí ii":- iaw.
Even Dn.:~ ;
cement Adminis· . Mr. del Víllar said he agreed, and The c~mpesinos do not know lt ls ille·
tralion offiCl a 1~ ,. f l ico, who believe other Mcxtcans said a key reason he gal."
tll at the Cam;n;
, .se has dragged ~ quit as chief adviser for Presiden! de la
on too long Rnd ti • severa( key sus· Madrid's much publicized " moral
pects have not brt a rrested, also say, renovalion" campai gn was thal he did The General's View:
in the words of one, "The reason we not believe it was aggressive enough.
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seem to be at loggerheads is that Con·
Mr. del Villar would not comment on 'lt's a Misunderstanding' ., .::
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·· l· the reasons for hls reslgnatlon, but he
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gress tends lo look al these thlngs ~rom did say: "What worrles me ¡5 the ve- American officlals call tt-ae lgnorance . •;
the u.s. pointof vlew, and tbe Mex1cans Jocity that corruptlon ¡5 acceleratlng theory ludlcrous, notlng thal Mexlcan ¡
"don't thlnk that way."
through the GovemmenL lt's the most marijuana and opium poppy farmers ·,
As an example, Senator Dennls
serious threat to natlonal securlty we are sufflcently wary that they try lo •
Conclnl, Democrat of Arlwna, who fol- fa ce. lf the Government doesn'l do hlde the plants among olher crops, ·!
lows Mexican lssues closely, recently somethlng about lt, lt will destroy our such as com. Often they shoot at hcli- ~·l
.prepared a lisl of Mexlcan Govem- ~ c.ountry."
copters that come to spray herbicide . ,
!ment officlals who had been publicly
He added : "1 have watched the mosl on the plants and string wir;; betweeu •
lmplicated In drug trafficklng. He distingulshed police comandantes, the the tops of lrees, trying to t rir• lhe hell·. '
esked: " .. hat has happened lo ~he m? brst the federal police had in thc 70 's, copters so they crash.
Have any been tried or gone lo jall? We inevltably become corrupled. lf you
Even though he belleve!' MP.xiro ls '
don't know.'
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move the army in lo drug enforcement, merely a vlctim, Gencrnl.".révaio said:
Mexican and American off1c1als say tnevitably they will be corrupled too. "We are committed lo a pnrmanent
several senior officials who are be· ll's lmpossible to resist, especially tn campalgn ag in f d •"L1 l',~ . urspite thr -:
liPvPci invol ed in drug trafficking have . these times of economíc crisis."
great economic proiJ!e:us Wf: írtce. 1
quietly left olfice, as ls the Mexican
Like olhers, Mr." del Villar partly have 25,000 troops pr.íio¡ct!ier:tly as:
cu stom.
blames lhc Uniled Sta les for the signed to the campaign."
1 rur ex<tiHiJit:, Mr. Arévalo, lhe De· spread of corruption because of "the
An aide, pointing lo a .;~ !; !;::o lored
fense Mlnister's son, was not charged great export of American narco-dol· map showing Mexiro and nll of CCí1é!ü :
with anything, and the Government la rs tnto this counlry.''
and South America, sald, "Wf' have
ma de no publi c statements about hlm .
Behind his statements and those of seized or eradicatcd q:.:::n:l:ies of m a riHe is no longer a federal prosecutor, virtually cvcryone in the Mcxican Gov· juana, cocaine and heroin since 1983
ha ·e •er and he "kind of disap· ernment is the conviction that Mexiro surticlenl to intoxlcate every res ident
pea red,"' a O.E.A. ~fficial said .. "We is merely a victim in lhe drug business. of all thesc countries for a wee;..:·
hra rd they found h1m another _JOb In From lhe Mcxican polnt of view, the
"Every year our efforts !"!:!•:e bef'n
¡::ovcrnmrnt omewhc:c to gPt h1m out country·s Pntire anti-drug program ¡5 a lOO percenl superior ovr·J rh,.. pr·evious
1 oí loe wa) ," t
ff al adu J.
great íavor to thc United States.
year," General Arévaiu saicl.
1 The same thing happened last year
"We have no drug users in this counWhen asked why, dcs¡Jilc iJi~ íigure!:,
•i:h Jos~ Ant nio Zorill « P ~r z, who try, " f1 senior Mcxican la w cnforcc· lhe Unitcd States Governm cn: lon~ 1C·
WIL hcod of thc Mexicnn SC'C'll l ity po· I11C'nt off kial snld. "Th r numbrr of he 1. pcatrdly ossrrtrd th a t l\1 C'>.Ic il tJ d: u¡·
h LC. Amcr 1cun off1nals pri vately told oin usr rs in tlu ~ count ry can be counted cnforc-emrnt ha
bcr n grov.m g pro·
thr Mex iran Govr rnm cn l 111 :11 h wa s on tlw fingc rs uf the hand ."
gressivei~ worsr. lh c gcnrr ni :;;;id
;, ,¡., 1 "itlr dru¡:- 11' "1rvrrc; alter
r. e;, rcfr r: .trr rrr z s.dc'· ''Co ai1rf' "l t's h"'. U''' o1 J;¡cl \•' • or. · .• "' <t·
, , 1, 1 1mpt•rl,ll il 11 ¡,filu.cr~ v. 1e· !11· i.¡rc; not r nmr· fn orn Mr xr ro or go ro !ion ll ·~ f1 llli~Un• ( rs•anJ 'll'"
L
'l\"ll ~-,,,.,¡ ~·prolwertTd\'11· Mr:o-:in· ti!IHr. \"r- arc \"l'lim·.··
1 ¡· Jr.. Amrrican offlcJaiS tn Washington
DespilC' th :1 t he !>:-t iti : "\'.'hal II"C' a1 t
NEXT · A
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and Mexico said.
. doing is putting a dlke on the flow or j h
·
.}_Pe
rnu,.,ran.
1
Nri!lwr Governmenl said anythmg dru g!' to thc· Unitrd Statcs.lt may nol
e af{lucnt pro essronol.
The] udicial Systems
Are Vastly Different
De-\
ne"r
in publlr, bul "he just rc s i~nrd ,'' ~n~~-::---:::-:=-======-==-=--.:___ - - - - - - - - --===:-llmrrir;¡ n druf! rnforrrmenl off¡c¡aJ
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Materia
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Señalar con el dedo : es una tarea delicada.
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Vecino en apuros : La crisis de México y EE.UU
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Persona o institución mencionada
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John Gavin.
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Luis Octavlo Porte Petlt Moreno.
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Sergio García ·
